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"CAIRO — Gaza-based aid organizations had long been cautioning about the dysfunctional coordination system with Israel's military, putting relief workers' lives in jeopardy.
However, the situation took a tragic turn on Monday when Israeli forces fatally shot seven employees of the nonprofit World Central Kitchen, including six foreign nationals, as they traveled in their convoy in central Gaza.
These movements had been coordinated in advance with Israel.
The strike, termed a "serious violation" of military procedures by Israel, sparked global outrage.
President Biden informed Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu that the United States would reassess support for Israel if immediate steps were not taken to facilitate aid.
This incident highlighted the flawed process of coordinating humanitarian operations with the Israeli military in Gaza, endangering staff and impeding life-saving assistance to starving civilians.
Over the past six months, humanitarian organizations like Doctors Without Borders and the UN relief agency for Palestinian refugees (UNRWA) have reported at least nine instances of aid convoys or buildings being attacked, despite sharing their routes or coordinates with Israeli authorities.
Humanitarian Outcomes, an organization tracking aid-worker deaths, has recorded nearly 200 Palestinian aid workers killed.
Ciarán Donnelly, a senior vice president at the International Rescue Committee, which operates in Gaza, remarked, "The deconfliction process is a fiction; it doesn't ensure safety."
Since the conflict began with Hamas militants attacking Israel on Oct. 7, Israeli authorities pledged to limit aid to Gaza, halting water, power, fuel, and other supplies to the region. Under U.S. pressure, Israel began allowing aid trucks into southern Gaza on Oct. 21, while continuing its military operations in the north.
However, in recent months, supplies to northern Gaza have been severely restricted, exacerbating the risk of famine, according to leading food emergency experts.
These restrictions, coupled with escalating insecurity, have complicated further efforts by the United Nations and other organizations to provide aid.
Interviews conducted this week with U.S. and U.N. officials, former Israeli military commanders, and aid agency employees reveal a dangerous, opaque, and inefficient system for coordinating aid deliveries.
Despite being nominally in place, this system has never functioned effectively and is disconnected from the realities on the ground.
The United Nations primarily manages the humanitarian coordination process, through which U.N. agencies and other organizations submit coordinates of humanitarian sites such as offices, clinics, warehouses, and guesthouses.
The process for notifying Israeli forces about aid workers' movements in Gaza varies depending on their destination, aid officials explained.
The United Nations provides a regularly updated map based on battlefield dynamics. In areas where there is no active fighting, aid organizations are advised to provide broad sketches of their travel plans in advance.
However, for parts of Gaza where fighting between Israeli forces and Palestinian militants persists, a more detailed level of coordination is necessary.
Organizations must submit coordinates of their start and destination points, as well as details about vehicles, drivers, and passengers in the convoy, at least a day before the planned travel, according to Nahreen Ahmed, medical director for the health nonprofit MedGlobal, who has participated in two missions to Gaza this year.
The United Nations then forwards this information to COGAT, the branch of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) responsible for coordinating with aid agencies.
COGAT is expected to share this information with relevant Israeli forces and respond with an approved route map for the convoy.
However, aid organizations claim they have little insight into the process beyond this point, particularly how the information they provide to COGAT reaches ground troops, drone operators, or fighter jet pilots.
Scott Anderson, deputy director of UNRWA in Gaza, commented, "That is the million-dollar question, and I've been trying to figure that out for 15 years. It's clear there's a disconnect."
According to retired Brig. Gen. Amir Avivi, a former deputy commander of the IDF's Gaza division, COGAT representatives are embedded in each brigade to ensure coordination is reflected on the war map.
Grisha Yakubovich, a retired Israeli colonel who headed the COGAT civil affairs department until 2016, stated that a lack of trust between the IDF, the United Nations, and other aid organizations has affected deconfliction channels.
He mentioned that during past conflicts in Gaza, COGAT met almost daily with U.N. officials to discuss plans for the coming 24 hours.
He believes the current situation is much more complicated due to what he perceives as the Israeli military's reluctance to cooperate with UNRWA, accusing the agency of being infiltrated by Hamas, a charge UNRWA denies.
The United Nations' internal oversight body is investigating Israeli allegations that a dozen UNRWA employees were involved in the Hamas attack on Oct. 7.
In February, UNRWA reported that Israeli naval gunfire hit one of its food convoys, despite sharing notifications and coordinating all movements with Israeli authorities.
In November, sniper fire hit a Doctors Without Borders convoy on a deconflicted route in northern Gaza, killing a volunteer and a relative of a staff member. The organization attributed the attack to the Israeli army.
Last month, a logistics coordinator for American Near East Refugee Aid (ANERA) was killed when Israel bombed a house where he was sheltering with his family, despite repeatedly sharing the coordinates of the property with the IDF, according to Sean Carroll, the organization's president.
The IDF did not respond to a request for comment regarding the Doctors Without Borders convoy. However, in a statement, the IDF mentioned that the incident involving ANERA was "under review."
In response to an earlier request for comment on the UNRWA convoy, the IDF stated that the strike "was not aimed at the convoy," adding that "the incident was examined and conclusions and lessons were drawn accordingly."
Among the challenges cited by aid officials are the lack of direct contact with Israel's Southern Command, which oversees Gaza; delays at checkpoints on north-south routes; and poor communications infrastructure within the territory.
Aid workers are not permitted to carry radio equipment and must rely on satellite phones during their journeys in Gaza, which are not always reliable.
"We've been requesting direct contact with the IDF and communications equipment for months, and it's only now, since the incident [Monday], that we are starting to see progress," said Jamie McGoldrick, U.N. humanitarian coordinator for the Palestinian territories.
Some aid organizations, such as World Central Kitchen (WCK), coordinate directly with Israeli authorities rather than through the U.N. system, according to McGoldrick.
In an op-ed in the New York Times, WCK founder José Andrés stated that his organization has extensively communicated with Israeli military and civilian officials during its operations in Israel and Gaza.
Prior to the attack on Monday, the WCK team had coordinated with Israeli military officials and had clearance to travel along the coastal route, WCK confirmed.
Israel's investigation of the WCK attack found that operators of the unmanned aerial vehicle tracking the convoy were unaware of its coordination plan.
The airstrike targets were confirmed solely by sighting an armed individual, which the IDF deemed an inadequate standard.
Avivi noted that the current conflict is much more intense and complex than previous rounds of fighting, given that Hamas is fighting from hospitals, schools, and U.N. sites, and does not wear a uniform. He emphasized the difficulty in distinguishing between terrorists and civilians.
An IDF official, speaking anonymously to discuss sensitive security issues, stated that the rules of engagement and targeting during the