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"His provocative language and often dehumanizing descriptions of immigrants led to large demonstrations outside his rallies. By this point in 2016, protesters frequently interrupted his speeches, leading to confrontations and hinting at Trump's tendency to incite violence against those he viewed as adversaries.
"Knock the crap out of them, would you?" Trump once urged the crowd, encouraging them to go after protesters and even offering to cover their legal expenses.
However, things have changed. As Trump embarks on another campaign, which some argue is even more extreme than his previous ones, mass protests at his rallies and appearances are now a thing of the past.
When Trump recently returned to New York for a hearing in one of his criminal cases, only a few detractors showed up outside the courthouse. During a recent visit to the Midwest, Trump faced minimal opposition, with only a brief interruption by protesters in Green Bay.
Interestingly, it is now President Joe Biden who is encountering a sustained protest movement, particularly from those angry over the administration's stance on Israel's conflict with Hamas.
During his first major rally of the year, Biden's 22-minute speech was interrupted more than a dozen times by protesters calling for a ceasefire in Gaza. Protesters also disrupted his celebrity fundraiser last week with former Presidents Barack Obama and Bill Clinton at New York’s Radio City Music Hall, while hundreds more demonstrated outside.
Nearly a decade after Trump's initial campaign, organizers and participants from past protests describe a shift in focus, with efforts now directed toward other issues or mobilizing voters for the upcoming elections.
Some attribute this change to "Trump fatigue," a sense of exhaustion after years of outrage. Others point to Biden's policies towards Israel as the primary source of agitation, leading them to protest against him instead.
"All the people who would have been protesting against Trump, a lot of that energy is now focused on protesting the genocide in Gaza," said Thomas Kennedy, an immigrant from Argentina who took part in more than a dozen anti-Trump protests in 2016.
Kennedy still sees the former president as a "terrible threat."
However, for many like him who would have protested against Trump, it now feels demoralizing and disheartening. "It's not worth my effort and energy," he said.
This shift could be a warning sign for Biden, whose campaign aims to energize its base by portraying Trump as a threat and framing the election as a crucial test of the nation's democratic values.
"President Biden believes in the constitutional right to make your voice heard and treats protesters with respect and empathy, unlike Donald Trump," said Biden campaign spokesman Ammar Moussa.
Biden campaign officials point out that protest intensity has not necessarily correlated with recent election outcomes.
Trump won in 2016 despite strong resistance, and President Obama won reelection in 2012 despite protests. They also highlight Democratic victories in recent elections, including the 2022 midterms.
Some organizers of past protests against Trump suggest that the more subdued approach this year is a deliberate strategy to avoid amplifying his comments and ideas.
"Strongmen need an audience and they need momentum," said Rachel O’Leary Carmona, executive director of the Women’s March, a group that originated as a global protest against Trump's inauguration in 2017. "The best way to counter Trump in many ways is not to give him a platform and momentum."
This perspective gained traction during the 2020 campaign amid the COVID-19 pandemic when many activist groups opposing Trump decided to "stand down."
Instead, demonstrations shifted focus to broader demands for racial justice following the killing of George Floyd by police.
Annette Magnus, the former executive director of Battle Born Progress, a Nevada group that helped organize anti-Trump protests in 2016, also noted a strategic shift.
"People are very focused on turnout and canvassing, because that's what will make a difference," she said.
"I will do everything in my power to ensure he is never elected again. It will just look different because it's a different election year, and so much has happened since then."
Safety concerns also play a role, with some organizers deciding that protesting against Trump is not worth the potential physical risk.
Trump has faced occasional protests at his events this year.
In early-voting states like Iowa and New Hampshire, a small group of environmental activists interrupted major candidates, including Trump. However, his response highlighted the change in atmosphere.
"It's amazing because that used to happen all the time
And I don’t think it’s happened in two-and-a-half or three years," he remarked after an interruption in Indianola. "It always adds excitement."
In March 2016, Trump had to cancel a rally in Chicago after rowdy protests.
The next day in Ohio, a man jumped over a barrier and rushed Trump's stage, prompting U.S. Secret Service to surround him in a protective ring.
Trump typically responded to protesters with ridicule and insults, telling them to "go home to mommy" or instructing security to "get 'em out!" while his supporters chanted his name.
Eventually, organizers began playing announcements ahead of his rallies with instructions for the crowd.
"If a protest starts near you, please do not in any way touch or harm a protester," one version said. Instead, attendees were asked to notify law enforcement by holding up rally signs and chanting Trump's name.
Now, it's Biden who must adjust to frequent disruptions. Unlike Trump, the incumbent president has tried to defuse confrontations.
During a recent event in Raleigh, North Carolina, promoting the administration’s health care policies, Biden urged the crowd to "be patient" with those expressing concerns about Gaza.
"They have a point. We need to get a lot more care into Gaza," he said, drawing strong applause.
This reception is a stark contrast to the one Paula Muñoz received as a student at Nova Southeastern University in Florida in October 2015 when she and several friends organized one of the early disruptions of a Trump event.
About a dozen activists, including her future husband, RSVP'd for the rally at Trump’s Doral golf club, dividing themselves into three groups to stagger their outbursts in 20-minute intervals.
"Our goal was to interrupt, to disrupt the whole speech," she said, "to try to ruin his event, basically."
The event foreshadowed the violence to come, with one protester forcefully dragged to the ground and another kicked.
Muñoz has since shifted her focus from Trump. As the executive director of the Florida Student Power Network, she now concentrates on local issues, such as an abortion amendment on the November ballot.
"We're exhausted," she said, expressing frustration with the two-party system. National politics, she added, "feels almost like a distraction" when people are struggling to pay rent.
While she fears the possibility of another Trump administration, Muñoz is deeply disappointed by Biden.
"We're tired of having to choose the lesser of two evils," she said. "That's part of why people feel burned out. It's just complete disappointment."
Marta Popadiak, director of movement politics for People’s Action, a progressive activist organization, said the group is focused on voter turnout but hasn’t ruled out organizing protests this summer at the GOP convention."