In ancient Greek and Roman mythology, the Pillars of Hercules were colossal columns at the boundary of the known world, flanking the strait where the Mediterranean Sea meets the Atlantic Ocean. One stood on the Rock of Gibraltar, a British territory near mainland Spain, and the other on Ceuta, a prominent point on the North African coast. Today, Ceuta, now a Spanish exclave entirely surrounded by Morocco, remains a unique and culturally rich enclave.
Covering just seven square miles with a population of around 85,000, Ceuta has been under Spanish control since 1580. Despite its size, it is a melting pot of architectural, cultural, and culinary influences from both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar, making it perhaps Spain's most multicultural city.
The city's history is complex. The Portuguese conquered Ceuta in 1415 during the Christian Reconquista, a campaign to reclaim Iberia from Moorish rule. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Ceuta was controlled by the Byzantines before falling to various Moorish and Berber kingdoms. In the 15th century, the Portuguese and Spanish arrived, establishing a European presence that continues to this day.
Despite its proximity to mainland Spain, the easiest way to reach Ceuta from Europe is by ferry from Algeciras, Spain. Ceuta offers a blend of historical sites, including the Roman Basilica Museum with ancient Christian relics, and Moorish architecture reminiscent of southern Spanish cities and Morocco.
The territory's northern coast in Benzú provides opportunities to enjoy Moroccan-style tea, visit old forts, and explore the nearby Moroccan city of Tétouan. Ceuta is officially an autonomous Spanish city and part of the European Union, along with Melilla, another Spanish exclave on the North African coast.
Spain's sovereignty over Ceuta and Melilla is disputed by Morocco, which has historical and geographical ties to the territories dating back to Islamic conquests. Despite this, Spain maintains control, and the dispute occasionally leads to tensions, such as when Moroccan maps include Ceuta and Melilla within Morocco's borders.
Today, Ceuta serves as a gateway to Europe for many African migrants seeking a better life. The territory's land border with Morocco is heavily fortified, reflecting its role as a point of entry into the EU. Despite these challenges, Ceuta's identity reflects its unique position, with Spanish, Arabic, and North African influences blending to create a culturally diverse city.