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In a world beset by crises in the Middle East, Europe, and the Indo-Pacific, developments in Niger may appear insignificant. However, recent events, including the withdrawal of American troops and the presence of Russian forces at a Nigerien air base, underscore the country's evolving dynamics. Once a symbol of American democracy efforts in Africa and a key element of U.S. counterterrorism strategy in the region, Niger now witnesses its democratically elected president under house arrest, while coup leaders cooperate with Russia’s Wagner Group.
Despite its size and resource wealth, including uranium and gold reserves, Niger remains one of the world's poorest and least developed nations. Since gaining independence from France in 1960, Niger has grappled with governance challenges, oscillating between periods of civilian and military rule.
Many Americans might dismiss Niger's significance, suggesting it be ceded to Vladimir Putin. Yet, these are not ordinary times. Russia's actions in Niger fit into a broader pattern of exploiting Western missteps across Africa, acquiring valuable mineral resources, complicating Western security planning, and bolstering the Kremlin's ability to evade sanctions.
Wagner Group's success in Africa, reminiscent of the historic exploits of the British East India Co., underscores the region's vulnerabilities. Exploiting anti-French sentiment and weak governance, Wagner operatives have amassed wealth while undermining Western interests.
The West's struggle in Africa is partly due to the region's challenging business environment, tribal loyalties, and historical animosities. Additionally, U.S. Africa policy has often prioritized human rights and democracy promotion, a strategy that has fallen short in the complex Sahel region.
Africa's significance to American interests has historically been limited, with greater focus on other regions. However, this lack of strategic attention has allowed non-governmental organizations and activists to disproportionately influence policy, often pursuing elusive democracy and development goals.
The consequences of misguided interventions, such as the 2011 Libyan civil war, continue to reverberate in the Sahel, fueling conflict and extremism. Three decades of Western efforts in Africa have, in some respects, culminated in Wagner Group's rise, reminiscent of America's struggles in Afghanistan.
To effectively engage in Africa, the Biden administration must reassess its approach. Learning from past mistakes is crucial, as hope alone cannot shape successful policies in the region.